Nixon White House Tapes › Tape 410 › Conversation 410-010
Nixon, Ziegler & Haig on Vietnam War and Prisoners of War
Tuesday, March 13, 1973 · 3:00 PM–4:00 PM ET · Old Executive Office Building · 59 min
AI Summary
President Nixon met with Alexander M. Haig, Jr. and briefly with Ronald L. Ziegler to discuss the post-Vietnam War landscape, focusing on the treatment of returning prisoners of war (POWs) and the efficacy of the recent bombing campaigns. Nixon expressed deep dissatisfaction with the quality of strategic advice from the State Department and Policy Planning Board, instructing Haig to cultivate a new, deeper cadre of creative military thinkers outside of the traditional bureaucratic structure. The conversation underscored Nixon's desire to maintain a strong, unconventional foreign policy stance while minimizing the influence of press and public criticism on his decision-making process.
Audio
Transcript (AI-generated)
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NARA Description
On March 13, 1973, President Richard M. Nixon, Ronald L. Ziegler, Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Stephen B. Bull, and Manolo Sanchez met in the President's office in the Old Executive Office Building from 3:00 pm to 4:00 pm. The Old Executive Office Building taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 410-010 of the White House Tapes.
Nixon Library Finding Aid
Conversation No. 410-10
Date: March 13, 1973
Time: 3:00 pm - 4:00 pm
Location: Executive Office Building
The President met with Ronald L. Ziegler and Alexander M. Haig, Jr.
Prisoners of war [POWs]
-Pride
-Amnesty issue
-Raising of flag
-Claudia A. (“Lady Bird”) Johnson
-Daughters
Press relations
-Ziegler’s briefing
-Hijacking agreement with Cuba
-William P. Rogers
-Normalization of relations
-Switzerland, Czechoslovakia
-Vessels
-Small boats
-Cuban-American community
-Large ships
-Haig’s uniform
-President’s statement
-Taping
-Reading
-Ziegler’s report to President
-Telephone call
Ziegler left at 3:05 pm.
Vietnam settlement
-Henry A. Kissinger’s trip to North Vietnam
-Cable from President
-Laos and Cambodia
-10-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-Tone
-Negotiations
-Economic aid
-Military activities
-North Vietnam’s presence in Laos and Cambodia
-Cut off of economic aid
-Congress
-US military options
-Effect on North Vietnam
-Laos
-Cease-fire
-December 1972 bombing
-Factories
-Cambodia
-Gen. Lon Nol
-Position
-Health
-North Vietnam
-Kissinger’s cable
-People’s Republic of China [PRC]
POWs
-Meeting with President
-Capt. Jeremiah A. Denton, Jr.
-Col. Robinson Risner
-Capt. James A. Mulligan, Jr.
-Denton
-Neil Armstrong
-Reception of POWs
-Heroism
-Consequences of withdrawal
-President’s telephone call to Milligan’s wife
-Sign of support of US President
-President’s Vietnam policies
-Success
-Congress members
-Press
-11-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-Chicago Tribune
-Buffalo Evening News
-References to President
-Commander-in-Chief
-Foreign policy
-Enemies
-Allies
-Support of American people
-Press
-Soviet Union
-Secret negotiations
-Vietnam settlement
-December 1972 bombing
-President’s possible television [TV] appearance
-Kissinger
-Rally US population
-North Vietnam
-Negotiating position
-Secret negotiations [?]
-Polish diplomats
-Hospital bombing
-President’s intentions
-Kissinger’s cable
-B-52s
-Losses
-Melvin R. Laird
-Compared to World War II
-Air Force
-Bombing success
-Nagasaki
-Morale
-Navy
-Morale
-Army
-South Vietnam
-Bombing
-Navy, Air Force
-12-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-Impact
-Vietnamization
-Effect on Nguyen Van Thieu
Stephen B. Bull [?] entered at an unknown time after 3:05 pm.
Desk drawer
Bull [?] left at an unknown time before 3:50 pm.
Vietnam settlement
-Bombing
-Effect
-Public support
Manolo Sanchez entered at an unknown time after 3:05 pm.
Refreshment
Sanchez left at an unknown time before 3:50 pm.
Vietnam settlement
-Public support for President's position
-Press, intellectuals, bureaucracy
-Gen. Creighton W. Abrams, Jr.
-Gen. William C. Westmoreland
-Letter to Haig
-North Carolina
-Support for President
-POWs
-Abrams
-Attitudes
-President’s actions
-South Asia
-Effect on PRC
India-Pakistan war of 1971
-13-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-President's actions
-Naval fleet
-Criticism of President
-PRC
Vietnam
-Haig's talk with Abrams
-Army, Navy
-[Dwight] David Eisenhower, II
-Captain of ship
State Department
-Policy Planning Board
-Kissinger treatment
-Morale
-Haig’s conversation with Elliot L. Richardson
-NSC
Foreign policy
-North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] strategy
-Southeast Asia
-US position
-Unilateral disarmament
-Threat of nuclear war
-Conventional forces
-Robert S. McNamara
-Naval power
-Spiro T. Agnew's trip
-Thailand
-Aid
-Cambodia
-Lee Kuan Yew
-Ferdinand Marcos
-Lt. Gen. T. N. J. Suharto
-Adam Malik
-Requests for US assistance
-Australia, New Zealand, Canada
-14-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-Military leaders in US
-Compared to Winston Churchill's World War I analysis
-Education
-War college
-Compared to State Department
-Policy Planning Board
-Quality of staff
-Adm. Thomas H. Moorer
-Joint Chiefs
-Consensus reports
-Depth
-Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS]
-Meetings with President
-Adm. Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.
-Kissinger
-Honesty
-David Eisenhower
-Military opinions, ideas
-Quality
-State Department Policy Planning Board
-Kissinger
-Power
-Advice for President
-Cambodia
-Troops
-Aid to South East Asia
-Advice for President
-Interest in military services
-Budget allocations
-Strategy discussions
-Recruitment of talent
Policy planning
-Trends from the 1960s
-Compared to Kissinger’s style
-Talent
-Rejuvenation
-15-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-State Department
-Defense Department
-Central Intelligence Agency [CIA]
-James R. Schlesinger
-Informal sessions with President
-Avoidance of press, publicity
-Coordination
-Kissinger
-Crises
-President’s conversation with Edward R. G. Heath
-Europe
-Criticism of December 1972 bombing
-Press
-Talent
-David Eisenhower's advice
-Utilization
Europe
-Haig’s view
-Dealings with US
-Japan
-Great Britain
-France
-Germany
-Support for the president
-President's policies
-Haig’s speech
-Engagement with US
-Benefits to relations
-Reliability of US
-West Germany
-Willy Brandt
US-India relations
-Ambassador
-Triloki Nath Kaul
-16-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
******************************************************************************
BEGIN WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 1
[National security]
[Duration: 36s]
INTELLIGENCE
END WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 1
******************************************************************************
US-India relations
-Kaul
*****************************************************************************
BEGIN WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 4
[National security]
[Duration: 23s]
US-INDIA RELATIONS
END WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 4
****************************************************************************
US foreign policy and military strategies
-Communications
-Pentagon
-Courts martial
-Abrams
-Policy planning
-Utilization of talent
-Rank
-Field-grade officers
-Effect on creative thinking
-17-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-Quality staffing
-State Department
-Kissinger
-President’s example
-Bombing halt [?]
-Telegrams
-Col. Richard T> Kennedy
-Camp David
-Balanced view
-Navy
-David Eisenhower
-Styx missile
-Concerns
-Soviet Union
-Egypt
-Israeli destroyer
-Future wars
-Scale
-Soviet Union
-Submarines
-Pearl Harbor
-Losses
-Significance
-Future wars
-Tactical Air Force
-Latin America
-John A. Scali
-Panama Canal settlement
-State Department
-Military diplomacy
-Weapons sales
-Kissinger
-Frank F. Church
-France
-US role
-JCS
-Weapons sales
-18-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-US role
-France
-Military involvement
-State Department involvement
-New perspectives
-Europe
*****************************************************************************
BEGIN WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 5
[National security]
[Duration: 8s]
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
END WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 5
****************************************************************************
Middle East
-Charles G. (“Bebe”) Rebozo
-Oil
-Israel
-Golda Meir
-Kissinger’s advice
-Election
-Solution to problems
-Israel
-US support
-Oil
-Saudi Arabia
-[Shah of Iran] Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
-Pipelines
-Soviet Union
Soviet Union
-Relations with PRC
-Import
-19-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-Possible future actions
-Europe, US
-Attack on PRC
*****************************************************************************
BEGIN WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 6
[National security]
[Duration: 7s]
WAR PLANS
END WITHDRAWN ITEM NO. 6
****************************************************************************
PRC
-Taiwan
-Relations with US
Ziegler entered at 3:50 pm.
POWs
-Raising of flag for Lyndon B. Johnson’s mourning
-Ziegler’s conversation with Claudia Johnson
-daughters
-Change in statement
-News summary
-President’s telephone cal to Claudia Johnson
-Rose Mary Woods
-Flying of flag for POW welcome
Press relations
-President’s statement
-Taping
Ziegler left at 3:55 pm.
-20-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
Kissinger
-Policy planning
-Attitude
-Second Soviet Union summit
-Strategic Arms Limitation Talks [SALT]
-Middle East
-Europe
-Dealings with subordinates
-Staff
-Intelligence
-Loyalty
-Intellectuals in government
-Europe
-Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions [MBFR]
-Security conference
-Economic issues
-George P. Shultz
-Qualities
-John B. Connally
-May 8, 1972 decision
-1972 Moscow summit
-Bombing
Policy planning
-Use of military
-Richardson
-State Department
-Military personnel
-Perspective
-War colleges
-World strategy
-Mistakes
-Kissinger
-Pride
-Successes
-21-
NIXON PRESIDENTIAL LIBRARY AND MUSEUM
(rev. Sept.10)
Conversation No. 410-10 (cont’d)
-PRC, Soviet Union, Vietnam
-Compared to President
-Vietnam settlement
-Bombing
-Poker analogy
Haig left at 4:00 pm.Also recorded on March 13, 1973
- 410-008 2:45 PM · 1 min — President Richard M. Nixon and Ronald L. Ziegler met in the President's office in the Old Executive Office Building at an unknown time between 2:45 pm and 3:00 pm.
- 410-009 2:45 PM · 12 min — President Richard M. Nixon met in the President's office in the Old Executive Office Building at an unknown time between 2:45 pm and 3:00 pm.
- 878-015 3:01 PM · 11 min — President Richard M. Nixon and Henry A. Kissinger met in the Oval Office of the White House from 3:01 pm to 3:12 pm.
- 119-001 3:13 PM — President Richard M. Nixon and selected Cabinet officers and Administration officials, including Earl L. Butz, J. Philip Campbell, Claude S. Brinegar, Henri F. Rush, Jr., William E. Simon, John T. Dunlop, James W. McLane, Herbert Stein, Marina von Neumann Whitman, John D. Ehrlichman, Roy L. Ash, Gen. Brent G. Scowcroft, Frederic V. Malek, Kenneth W. Dam, Philip A. Odeen, Tod R. Hullin, Richard M. Fairbanks, III, William Morrill, and Gary L. Seevers, met in the Cabinet Room of the White House at an unknown time between 3:13 pm and 11:59 pm.
- 878-016 3:13 PM · 36 sec — President Richard M. Nixon and unknown person(s) met in the Oval Office of the White House at 3:13 pm.
- 410-011 4:00 PM · 5 min — President Richard M. Nixon met in the President's office in the Old Executive Office Building at an unknown time between 4:00 pm and 4:15 pm.
- 410-012 4:00 PM · 11 sec — President Richard M. Nixon and H. R. ("Bob") Haldeman met in the President's office in the Old Executive Office Building at an unknown time between 4:00 pm and 4:15 pm.
- 410-013 4:00 PM · 2 min — President Richard M. Nixon met in the President's office in the Old Executive Office Building at an unknown time between 4:00 pm and 4:15 pm.
Cite this conversation
Conversation 410-010, March 13, 1973. White House Tapes, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives. Audio and AI transcript via Easy Nixon, https://www.easynixon.org/tapes/410-010 (accessed October 1, 2026).