Nixon White House Tapes › Tape 609 › Conversation 609-013

Nixon, Colson & Haldeman on Edward M. Kennedy and Busing

Saturday, October 30, 1971 · 12:09 PM–12:37 PM ET · Oval Office

ParticipantsNixon, Richard M. (President); Colson, Charles W.; Haldeman, H. R. ("Bob"); [Unknown person(s)]; Ziegler, Ronald L.Conversation609-013 on Tape 609 (tape position 03:09:13–03:40:56)StartSaturday, October 30, 1971 at 12:09 PMEndSaturday, October 30, 1971 at 12:37 PMRecording deviceOval OfficeSourceNixon Library record for 609-013 ↗

President Nixon met with H.R. Haldeman, Charles Colson, and Ron Ziegler to coordinate political attacks against Senator Edward M. Kennedy and formulate strategies regarding controversial legislative issues. The group discussed utilizing negative publicity, such as an anti-busing cartoon and polling data, to damage Kennedy’s standing and national image. Additionally, they strategized on foreign policy matters, specifically coordinating a response to the recent United Nations vote on Taiwan and addressing potential foreign aid legislation through public messaging and Senate maneuvering.

Download MP3 (part 1) · 168.1 MB ·Download MP3 (part 2) · 168.1 MB ·Download MP3 (part 3) · 168.0 MB ·Download MP3 (part 4) · 60.9 MB

This conversation has not yet been cut into its own clip, so the player above contains the full tape segment shared with neighbouring conversations. It begins about 03:09:13 into the tape and ends around 03:40:56.

This transcript was generated automatically by AI (WhisperX) and has not been reviewed for accuracy. Names and numbers are often wrong; speakers are not identified. Do not cite it as authoritative — verify against the audio and the finding aid.

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· Timestamps are positions within the full tape recording.
3:09:13That's what I said.
3:09:13I said it was the same way.
3:09:14Yes, sir.
3:09:21I know that, I know it.
3:09:23But you've got to get it done, because the pressure's got to go on now.
3:09:28And, of course, we've got it now.
3:09:31The pressure's got to go on then, Henry.
3:09:32And it's got to go on then very hard if I've got any businesses to hold.
3:09:36No, no, but we're not going to be diddled along.
3:09:38Otherwise, otherwise, the race, as this statement shows, the race between us and the Senate, the Senate and the Congress will give it away, and then we'll have no working position.
3:09:49I think it's essential.
3:09:50See how I, if there's a panic also, let me say, don't ever have any idea, I want to be sure that he's got this plan in mind, that I blockade, and I blockade sure, I mean, Dr. Robertson-Weggers off the wall is going to bring a proper date and direction.
3:10:08So it does.
3:10:08I want you to celebrate it.
3:10:10I told you.
3:10:11I'm just telling you today, that's good.
3:10:16Yep.
3:10:16Well, you think you should?
3:10:18I think I should.
3:10:19That we are...
3:10:20I just want to tell them what the president told me, sir.
3:10:23It will not be directed against them, but we've made our last best offer, and we expect a reply.
3:10:29Does he know that you're meeting with him?
3:10:31No, and I don't know anything.
3:10:34Don't tell him anything.
3:11:39Well, I've got our crew stretched out to the prison.
3:11:41Yeah.
3:11:43Let's go inside and have a look at it.
3:11:52I think we should have a distribution of about a quarter of a million.
3:11:56Here's what I have in mind.
3:11:58You don't need to say that man had gotten that thing.
3:12:04That thing could go to, it has an enormous amount, get a fine reproduction, and have it sent out to the north.
3:12:12I think that's the best way to send it.
3:12:15We have that sort of thing.
3:13:03And it shows that by regions, 72% opposed in the west, 77% opposed in the midwest, 71% opposed in the east, and 82% opposed in the south.
3:14:09In Mason's strong case, it says it should not be linked to racial animosity.
3:14:12An overwhelming majority of Americans support the 54 school desegregation.
3:14:16A majority of white parents who opposed busing said they would not have jettisoned their children to schools where they are now.
3:14:24Well, the thing is this, Bob.
3:14:26We have just gotten together the rest of the people, the lawyers, to just walk the goddamn way.
3:14:33I know that John was the person who started the car, and all these guys are up the wall because...
3:14:39Partly because of the Constitution, but also, not just because they believe in the goddamn thing.
3:14:45Well, I'm against it.
3:14:46I think we ought to have some way to be safe to do something other than just assume to say something, you know.
3:14:52We simply got to do it.
3:14:56They stood by supporters, Wallace supporters are 89% of voters, Nixon supporters 85% of voters.
3:15:03And Muskie supporters, 67%, which is 25 figures.
3:15:05So even the Muslim people, there are only 25 figures of us.
3:15:10Nationally, it's 76 of those 18 figures.
3:15:12Same as it's always been.
3:15:17Oddly enough, this weekend, a committee that promotes fair education through busking has written a letter highly critical of your position against busking.
3:15:27And it's
3:15:28In closing, the language says we must accept bussing.
3:15:30It says must be accepted bussing.
3:15:33It's devastating.
3:15:34It's absolutely devastating.
3:15:56You couldn't bring the gun, did you?
3:15:57I don't think you could get away with that, would you?
3:16:00Jesus, no.
3:16:01I couldn't really read the text.
3:16:03It was kind of an absolutely cut-off part.
3:16:05I think I'll take a look at that.
3:16:14That's just sure that he never becomes present.
3:16:17It is the son of a bitch.
3:16:20He's on a happy record with that son of a bitch.
3:16:24Jesus, I don't get that.
3:16:25I get that.
3:16:27Two hundred and fifty thousand, that's a hell of a thing.
3:16:33The very fact that the mail-in will raise a hell of an issue by itself.
3:16:37Will it make... Oh, Jesus, you heard me.
3:16:39Which makes us... Who's mailing it?
3:16:42Musky, of course.
3:16:43No, we're not going to do that.
3:16:47Huh?
3:16:48We had some ways to do it.
3:16:50No.
3:17:23Second, it's far more political now than it was.
3:17:27And third, you cannot ever try to top something you've done before.
3:17:32You don't do the same thing.
3:17:33So I want you to know that that would be a stupid thing to do.
3:17:37Carry out all those actions.
3:17:39What he was talking about with me, which I told him, if we had something for him to be for, it would be a good idea.
3:17:46It was just...
3:17:48We've had more names than all sorts of people.
3:17:50It's got that popular name, right?
3:18:42I'll never say about this room, but I must say that they should have been there.
3:18:47He should have gotten, we should have had this to come.
3:18:50Should I, should have sold somebody, or simply got it all, if we didn't have his mind out at all.
3:18:56But anyway, what are we going to do now?
3:18:57I'm sure you've got a few little rods in that, do you want to?
3:19:00Well, I heard the, on the Kennedy attack last night, I talked to Bush, and Bush said he was,
3:19:07First of all, he used last night on the campus show, he used last night on the Buckley program, the point that an Arab leader had come to him two days ago, and said that this now, quote, he quoted him explicitly, this now clears the way for the expulsion of Israel.
3:19:25Yeah, is it, is it, or did he just make this up?
3:19:27No, he submitted that an Arab leader who was very responsible, he said he didn't put much stack in, but he said it's a good line to use.
3:19:34Great.
3:19:34He used it on a Buckley show.
3:19:59This is why we fought it as hard as we did, because our terrible implications is President Rohar that this would happen, before this vote.
3:20:06Now, we will stand against the expulsion of Asia.
3:20:09What will those who voted against Taiwan do?
3:20:12And those in this country who encourage the expulsion of Taiwan?
3:20:17I talked to Elliot about taking out Teddy Kennedy frontally.
3:20:22And he said he was not ready to.
3:20:24I read a statement over the phone that we wrote that just reached out.
3:20:28And we're having it delivered to him at the airport.
3:20:30He's taking the 255 plane to Boston.
3:20:32He said he would use it at a 5 o'clock press conference.
3:20:35Timing-wise, that's very bad, because most of the Sunday papers are locked up, but it may carry over to Monday.
3:20:42Well, he's got a statement that says that he's very distressed that the senior senator from his state is acting in such a juvenile way.
3:20:52And Elliot said he would open his press conference by...
3:20:56Reading the statement at five o'clock.
3:20:58The press conference is arranged by the American Jewish Convention.
3:21:01They always ensure publicity.
3:21:04I suspect you will get it quick.
3:21:08The Jews, the state of Israel in the 40s.
3:21:14Yes, yes.
3:21:15Henry, you know, he was, I'm sure he was the one who said, well, I think he said that
3:21:24Jackson, indicate that we will be set outside for the accident.
3:21:27Go ahead and turn around.
3:21:28Please hold your hands up, sir.
3:21:30Be slow.
3:21:32But I will never sign a particular, although part 8 I can't believe at all.
3:21:36Now, the idea that we ought to get out, now we're trying to do that once before, but that's got to be clear.
3:21:42They can't separate on a particular respect.
3:21:44You sign that, but you're not going to take it individually.
3:21:47No, because it's all interrelated.
3:21:49It's all interrelated.
3:21:50They tried to do that last year, Mr. President.
3:21:52If you remember, we had a similar one, and we were able to set that in the Senate, tacking down the amendments, and we can set that again.
3:22:00By the way, the ugliness of the attitude up there, Bush said that the point that he made last night on the cabinet show, which the cabinet was shown, I haven't seen it, was that the Secretary General had tears in his eyes during the debate, and tears in his eyes afterwards because of the kind of carnivorous attitude of the delegates, that they were just bullshit stewards of the United States.
3:22:27and towards the expulsion of a member that had been a good standing committee, and that the Secretary General was actually crying during the debate and afterwards.
3:22:36Was he not opposed to his vote?
3:22:38No, but he was... No, but he was...
3:22:40It was like...
3:22:41There are people, you know, you talk for all of us, but you're in love with the goddamn UN.
3:22:50And George said that it was just a black...
3:22:52So, ugly clown hung over and he, a point that she made last night on DCM Black Oaks.
3:22:58Yeah, it was the phrase Black Oaks.
3:23:00Sorry.
3:23:01It hung over and he said that people who really cared were in tears.
3:23:08He kind of gave it a very emotional build up at least from what he said.
3:23:13He will hit Teddy.
3:23:15I want to keep the V.A.W.
3:23:17's there, your trip to Peking while they're riding.
3:23:22This one where he says that you were devious in effect by sending
3:24:13He said fine.
3:24:14He's delighted.
3:24:15He takes his conscience and does very well.
3:24:19George loves to do that.
3:24:20He wants to do that.
3:24:21He's a fighter.
3:24:22He thinks it's better for him.
3:24:26It's better for George to become a personality.
3:24:29Well, he feels a sense of guilt over the loss of his boat, and he's willing to fight like hell now that it must be redeemed.
3:24:38It was going to be lost next year.
3:24:41By the park, by everything else.
3:24:48He did say he wanted at some point to get some personal guidance from you on how to treat the Chinese communist delegates when they arrive.
3:24:59He's concerned about how to handle them, whether he treats them cordially or treats them like he treats the Russians.
3:25:06Exactly like he does the Russians.
3:25:08There is not to be any cordialities to avoid cordialities.
3:25:13Just proper.
3:25:14Just proper.
3:25:15And not as much as we possibly have.
3:25:19Just a very proper, just a very cautious, right on to the law.
3:25:25And we want to understand that.
3:25:29Because Henry is a sucker for anybody that has nice hands.
3:25:33Jerry must be just proper.
3:25:38Cool, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little, little.
3:26:38I think the country knows what you mean.
3:27:09Oh, I don't think that...
3:27:10I mean, I think the fact that these intellectuals are not getting this credit on this, it's too bad.
3:27:17I mean, it's happening.
3:27:19He was really disturbed about the fact that the Soviet announcement, he said, I told him two days of flight, he said it should have been weeks.
3:27:30I said, I didn't expect it.
3:27:33No, you can't expect...
3:27:34After all the other dramatic announcements.
3:27:38There's another reason.
3:27:39It's just that they are not going to get us any more than they have.
3:27:44They've got to get us, and that's a big story.
3:27:47They'll have to get us, so we can go to this big story.
3:27:49But these bastards are going to do everything they can to use, I mean, press every opportunity to screw us.
3:27:55You know, that's what we're going to have to do.
3:27:59Sure.
3:28:02Absolutely consistent in that.
3:28:04We have got to have more net cutting on our side.
3:28:09I couldn't reach Joe when I got maps of him.
3:28:12He's writing a tough rebuttal for Kennedy.
3:28:15It's tough to get bad to do it.
3:28:17He should.
3:28:18This is one where he really ought to have made it.
3:28:22I thought that was his job.
3:28:26I don't think that.
3:28:27I think most things he's saying, he's not something awful.
3:28:34I like the way he looks at it.
3:28:38No, he's not that much of a factor.
3:28:42Well, that was on the front page of the Times as well, but that's the New York Times.
3:28:50He was in New York.
3:28:52Banner headlines is both Boston and Stevenson.
3:28:54Well, he's from Massachusetts.
3:28:56Sure.
3:28:57But he didn't make it in the post.
3:28:59He didn't make it in the post.
3:29:00He didn't make it across the country.
3:29:03He went on TV together.
3:29:06A little bit last night.
3:29:09But you didn't...
3:29:10He was carried there one night, wasn't he?
3:29:12Last night.
3:29:12A little bit.
3:29:13Why don't you think he's affected?
3:29:15Why isn't he affected?
3:29:16Well, I just...
3:29:17I don't think he... First of all, I don't think he looks...
3:29:20This is a personal observation.
3:29:21I think he looks bad.
3:29:22He looks wrong.
3:29:23And...
3:29:23Right.
3:29:24And I think that he does not, he does not project himself, well, even in the portion that made the devil, that made the big story, you know, in the New York paper, when it came over on film, I did not look forceful or dynamic, I did not project it, it just kind of, you can stumble through it.
3:30:06The thing we've got to do with him is hang the adjectives, immature...
3:30:29juvenile, thoughtless, inconsistent.
3:30:32Those are the issues that just will kill me, because in the public mind, he's not a mature political leader.
3:30:41And if you keep using our terms, you've never seen this.
3:30:46But you might see it again.
3:30:49Thank you.
3:30:58That is very good quality for that studio.
3:30:59That's about a 30 carton.
3:31:00I hope the search will turn up.
3:31:00I hope so.
3:31:00I hope so.
3:31:15Well, you know, it's a very good point.
3:31:16I don't see what's so difficult about... What about the head?
3:31:17Well, hold on.
3:31:18We don't have kids, of course.
3:31:18We did it with a Royce O'Callaghan.
3:31:19But that really doesn't get enough, does it?
3:31:20We don't do it with a Royce O'Callaghan.
3:31:21It's a good technique.
3:31:22Well, it's a good technique.
3:31:22No, it doesn't.
3:31:23Let's use this for the other thing.
3:31:24If we do it, he'll put it on.
3:31:24No, it's a little short, but that will not get enough.
3:31:40Ha, ha, ha!
3:31:46The foreign aid, and Cindy's breathing on that, how do they operate?
3:31:48Well, you know, they're taken online, and they're locked together.
3:31:49Well, the one, I guess, Henry, you talked about, was an irresponsible action.
3:31:51He accepted the Congress and moved the media into the solar.
3:31:52Foreign assistance has been the fundamental framework.
3:31:53I want to provide partisan foreign policy for a quarter of a century.
3:31:54It's vital to the United States' interests.
3:32:11We feel that a piecemeal or patchwork restoration of foreign aid is not the alternative.
3:32:13A carefully planned foreign aid program is essential in order to continue assisting non-developed countries in providing humanitarian, economic and other assistance to friendly nations.
3:33:57They, I don't know.
3:33:57The thing you've got to do, Bob, with Henry, is always keep him on down here to the barracks.
3:33:59The barracks are your own, you know, totally your own barracks.
3:34:00I mean, he doesn't know us anymore.
3:34:01These people, these people are not going to be able to put us down here.
3:34:02I mean, I'm sure of this.
3:34:03Right.
3:34:16I mean, he said that the editor was there, and he was promoting about it, and he said, how could that have contributed to Taiwan's economy?
3:34:19The reason here is not to cry.
3:34:20That's just because they're against us.
3:34:21Right?
3:34:21So this is what everybody's got to learn around here.
3:34:22This is a political year, and they're going to get rid of it, but you just saw this.
3:34:24And we've got to get rid of it.
3:34:24And it is bad, in fact, to wait and get back.
3:34:25I mean, we expect it.
3:34:45The issue is that he kicked on, he may have kicked it out, about to take it off the U.S.
3:34:47It's much more than that.
3:34:47It's not that he kicked on the U.S., it must have.
3:34:59Now, get her open to understand, God damn it, I want more like that.
3:35:00Because I've had to be in apartments on a Sunday night or some other time, whether it's Evander or, you know, the rest of the positions.
3:35:03I've got very idiotic royal criticism.
3:35:04And Christ says, I've got to be in the house.
3:35:05I've got to be in the house.
3:35:05I've got to be in the house.
3:35:06I've got to be in the house.
3:35:21Well, I think this is important.
3:35:21It's on the U.N. that we should be very sure we understand.
3:35:23And for any of us, I would like to say that we've got to take an offer with each other.
3:35:24Just as well, not to be too far out from the need.
3:35:25I mean, people are not for the force, right?
3:35:26They certainly aren't.
3:35:43What's Scott carry that ball hat with?
3:35:44Yeah, that's what Joe had to do, because we don't have to do that.
3:35:45Well, I do think you've got to be practical with it.
3:35:46I know they worked hard on it, but I think you've got to be careful.
3:35:48And Barbara Statesby, compared to the fact that she sunk out on it.
3:35:49Well, that's because Joe, I guess he had to have it.
3:36:07He didn't have any signal.
3:36:07He didn't know it was coming up.
3:36:08We thought if he gets it, of course he'll switch.
3:36:09We asked him to.
3:36:14But apparently, I gathered and caught everybody by surprise.
3:36:15I don't know whether it was really exquisite or not.
3:36:17Well, they didn't expect it.
3:36:17They voted against it, not expecting it.
3:36:18To lose.
3:36:18Our guys are very good at catching up.
3:36:19They usually don't.
3:36:19Yeah.
3:36:19Yeah, well, I think they are.
3:36:20In this case, they just did it.
3:36:21They got started by it.
3:36:21I think somebody got surprised.
3:36:57You know, I was forgetting our most important thing.
3:36:58I'm not going to put this back and forth.
3:36:59I'm not going to put this back and forth.
3:36:59I'm not going to put this back and forth.
3:37:20A part of the wind is from those who want to expel the black monster.
3:37:22That's right.
3:37:22Rather than those who want to keep them in the right lane.
3:37:23They're not going to spot them around.
3:37:24They're in the U.S.
3:37:24They're in the U.S.
3:37:25They're in the U.S.
3:37:25They're in the U.S.
3:37:26They're in the U.S.
3:37:26They're in the U.S.
3:37:26They're in the U.S.

On October 30, 1971, President Richard M. Nixon, Charles W. Colson, H. R. ("Bob") Haldeman, unknown person(s), and Ronald L. Ziegler met in the Oval Office of the White House from 12:09 pm to 12:37 pm. The Oval Office taping system captured this recording, which is known as Conversation 609-013 of the White House Tapes.

Conversation No. 609-13

Date: October 30, 1971
Time: 12:09 pm - 12:37 pm
Location: Oval Office

The President met with Charles W. Colson.

     Campaign practices
         -Edward M. Kennedy
              -London Express cartoon
                    -Distribution

H. R. (“Bob”) Haldeman entered at 12:10 pm.

     Busing

     -Poll
           -John D. Ehrlichman
     -Possible Amendment
           -Poll
           -Blacks
     -Supporters
           -Edward Kennedy
           -Edmund S. Muskie
     -Poll
           -Possible amendment
                 -1954 desegregation decision [Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education]
     -Possible amendment
           -Ehrlichman
           -Leonard Garment
           -The President’s view
     -Poll
           -George C. Wallace supporters
           -The President's supporters
           -Muskie supporters
           -Nation-wide
     -Letter from pro-busing group
           -Muskie
           -Polish-Americans
           -Boston

Edward M. Kennedy
    -London Express cartoon
         -Distribution
         -Muskie

Foreign aid program
     -Previous Senate vote
           -Henry A. Kissinger's view
           -The President’s view
     -Timing
     -White House response
     -Edward Kennedy’s statements

United Nations [UN] vote on Taiwan, Republic of China
     -Colson's conversation with George H.W. Bush
     -Bush's statement on the William F. Buckley, Jr. or “Dick Cavett” show television
           show
           -Possible UN expulsion of Israel
     -Elliot L. Richardson's forthcoming speech to the American Jewish Congress
           -President’s support for Israel
                 -Compared with Taiwan
           -Colson's conversation with Richardson
           -Statements about Edward Kennedy
           -Press conference

Foreign aid program
     -The President's conversation with Kissinger
           -Henry M. (“Scoop”) Jackson
     -The President's possible veto
           -The President’s view
           -Israel
           -Cambodia

UN vote on Taiwan
    -Bush’s statements
          -Appearances on Cavett and Buckley television shows
               -UN Secretary General U Thant's reaction
          -Forthcoming attack on Edward Kennedy
               -Kennedy’s previous statements on foreign policy
                     -Vietnam
                     -Prisoners of war [POWs]
                     -Kissinger’s trip to Peking
    -Richard F. Pederson
    -Bush's forthcoming treatment of the People's Republic of China [PRC] delegation
          -The President’ view
               -Compared with treatment of Soviet Union
               -Kissinger

Edward Kennedy
    -Effectiveness on television
         -Ronald L. Ziegler's views

The President talked with an unknown person at an unknown time between 12:10 pm and 12:25
pm and requested Ziegler.

[Conversation No. 609-13A]

     Edward Kennedy
         -Compared to Robert F. Kennedy and John F. Kennedy

     The President's foreign policy
          -Press coverage
               -Kissinger’s view
                      -Soviet trip announcement
               -The President’s view

     Edward Kennedy
         -Robert J. Dole
         -Colson's conversation with Franklyn C. (“Lyn”) Nofziger
              -Possible attack

Ziegler present at 12:25 pm.

           -Statement regarding UN vote on Taiwan
                 -Press coverage
                      -New York Times
                      -Washington Post
           -Physical appearance
                 -Ziegler’s view
           -Contrasted with brothers
           -Possible White House attacks
           -London Express cartoon
           -Mike Royko column
           -Peter Lisagor's possible column

     Foreign aid
          -Ziegler’s recent briefing
          -Kissinger
          -Israel
          -Vietnamization
          -Cambodia
          -Pakistan

Ziegler left at 12:30 pm

     Press
             -Kissinger
             -Relations with the Administration
             -UN
             -Busing
                  -New York Times
                  -Ehrlichman, Leonard Garment
                  -Editorials

     Foreign aid program
          -Hugh Scott
          -Previous Senate vote
                -Administration's efforts
                     -State Department
                -Nofziger
                -Dole

     UN vote on Taiwan
         -Right-wing
         -Buckley

The President, Haldeman, and Colson left at 12:37 pm.
  • 609-004 9:58 AM · 2 min — President Richard M. Nixon and Alexander P. Butterfield met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 9:58 am and 10:05 am.
  • 609-005 9:58 AM · 3 min — President Richard M. Nixon and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 9:58 am and 10:05 am.
  • 609-007 10:05 AM · 1 hr 6 min — President Richard M. Nixon, Josip Broz Tito, Lijana Tambaca, Alexander Akalovsky, Stephen B. Bull, Thelma C. ("Pat") (Ryan) Nixon, and Emil ("Bus") Mosbacher, Jr. met in the Oval Office of the White House from 10:05 am to 11:12 am.
  • 609-008 11:16 AM · 2 min — President Richard M. Nixon and Ronald L. Ziegler met in the Oval Office of the White House from 11:16 am to 11:19 am.
  • 609-009 11:19 AM · 35 sec — President Richard M. Nixon and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 11:19 am and 11:20 am.
  • 609-010 11:20 AM · 46 sec — President Richard M. Nixon and Ronald L. Ziegler met in the Oval Office of the White House from 11:20 am to 11:21 am.
  • 609-011 11:21 AM · 46 min — President Richard M. Nixon, Henry A. Kissinger, and Stephen B. Bull met in the Oval Office of the White House from 11:21 am to 12:07 pm.
  • 609-012 12:07 PM · 19 sec — President Richard M. Nixon and Manolo Sanchez met in the Oval Office of the White House at an unknown time between 12:07 pm and 12:09 pm.

Conversation 609-013, October 30, 1971. White House Tapes, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum, National Archives. Audio and AI transcript via Easy Nixon, https://www.easynixon.org/tapes/609-013 (accessed October 12, 2026).